4In 2007, Barrangou et al. demonstrated for the first time the function of CRISPR/Cas9 as a defensive mechanism of bacteria against bacteriophage attacks by a technique called “plaquing” which builds upon the technique of “plating” bacteria on agar. Plaques of viruses on agar are areas without growth of bacteria due to viral attacks.
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"Do it slowly, do it right but let's get on with it," she said. "We have been stagnating at these very low recycling rates for far too long."